PG Business Strategy Analysis - 4963 Words

PG OUTLOOK Three billion times a day, PG brands touch the lives of people around the world. This happens because PG provides branded products of superior quality and value to improve the lives of the world’s consumers. This results in leadership sales, profit and value creation, allowing employees, shareholders and the communities in which we operate to prosper. In 1837 William Procter and James Gamble formed a humble but bold new enterprise. What began as a small, family-operated soap and candle company grew and thrived, inspired by PGs purpose of providing products and services of superior quality and value. The power of PGs Purpose is the one factor above all others that have contributed to the Companys long heritage of†¦show more content†¦Some of the other sectors where FMCG is experiencing strong growth are anti aging, deodrants, men’s product, fairness cream. Expected growth rate of FMCG is 60 % in 2010. Among the total segment of FMCG, 66 % is in the urban areas and 34 % in the rural areas. Scope of FMCG in India :- 12.2 % of world population is in the Indian villages . Focus on farm sector can boost the rural income . Better infrastructure is one the areas which need to be developed for the growth of the FMCG segment. The advertising agency had a lot to donate to the worthiness of the FMCG companies. Moreover the introduction of sachets and smaller packs have revolutionized the FMCG industry in India especially in the rural segment. Middle class and rural segments of India are the most promising market for the FMCG. HLL’s Clinic and Sunsilk made it to the top hundred although PG‘s Head and shoulder and Pantene are also trying hard to be positioned on the top. Some of the famous FMCG companies in India are:- 1. Hindustan Unilever 2. ITC 3. Nestle India 4. GCMMF (Amul) 5. PG 6. Dabur 7. Britannia 8. Marrico Industries 9. Nirma 10. Cadbury FMCG is referred to those products which have quick turnover and relatively low cost or gets replaced within a year. In India consumer can be classed in the following classes 1.Show MoreRelatedBlackmores1291 Words   |  6 PagesAustralian School of Business ACCT5910 Business Analysis and Valuation Lesson Plan †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dot Com case study Why do we need to undertake strategy analysis? Industry I d t analysis l i Competitive strategy analysis Corporate strategy analysis SWOT analysis Australian School of Business B i Class 2: Strategy Analysis gy y Dot Com – NASDQ index from 1 Jan 1996-30 Dec 2002 School of Business B i Australian A. Why Strategy Analysis †¢ †¢ Strategy drives the actions of an organisationRead MoreProcter Gamble Case Analysis Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesIndustry Environment Analysis: consumer goods - The consumer goods is a global and mature industry. - Highly competitive with an increasing number of competitors offering different versions of the same product and competing for price. Generic brands and Private-label goods are populating the market. - Product innovation and quality are critical to succeed. - Individual buyers have no bargain power. Instead, large retail chains and major supermarkets increase competition among consumer goodsRead MoreBusiness Analysis of Procter and Gamble. Essay925 Words   |  4 Pages17 July 2010 Presentation by Michael Rajendra Sai Tunde Yinka Saturday, 17 July 2010 Aim      of      Presenta.on †¢ To   cri.cally   analyse   PG   from   the   strategic   management    perspec,ve   using   various   models   . Saturday, 17 July 2010 Purpose   of   PG †¢ To   provide   large   variety   of   consumer   products   at   an   aï ¬â‚¬ordable    price   without   compromising   quality. †¢To    Read MoreSwot Analysis : Procter Gamble Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Procter Gamble (PG), a leader in the personal products industry relies on branding, product innovation, and delivering value and quality products to consumers worldwide. However, PG has seen stagnant growth in profits. PG is a position to reevaluate and restructure its strategy by identifying external threats and weakness which is a key step to solidifying a corporate strategy for long-term growth. This is an PEST and Five Forces external analysis of PG’s threats and weaknesses,Read MoreProcter and Gamble Case Study1120 Words   |  5 PagesCASE ANALYSIS â€Å"Leadership, Innovation and Change at Procter and Gamble† Procter and Gamble has capitalized on innovation and creativity to lead the consumer and household product industry. This paper will explore some strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats that Procter and Gamble had utilized to sustain its success and competitiveness. This case study will also explore some characteristics of innovative organizations and why they have chosen to be innovative. I. SituationRead MoreProcter Gamble1088 Words   |  5 PagesGBS Report amp; Recommendations Introduction: P amp; G is the quintessential American company, with more than 175 years of history. Coming from humble roots, it was established by a partnership of William Procter and his brother in law James Gamble. Over its extensive history, Pamp;G has followed an aggressive â€Å"growth by acquisition† strategy which has transformed it into the global manufacturer of household amp; health items in the world. After P amp; G’s merger with Gillette in 2005, it controlledRead MoreMarketing Strategy: Tide Detergent Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Marketing Strategy for Procter Gamble’s Tide ® Liquid Laundry Detergent Measure Trigger Paul Lane Marketing 1001 Professor Norman Hansen February 20, 2010 Abstract Procter Gamble (PG) and its competitors package laundry detergents in various sizes and packaging alternatives. Tide ® liquid laundry detergent is available in sizes ranging from 40 ounces (25 loads) to 150 ounces (96 loads). Current packaging requires lifting and pouringRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Procter Gamble1181 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Procter Gamble started as a small soap and candle company in 1937. Since then, Procter Gamble (PG) has grown to be a global leader in the manufacturing and selling of household products. Over the years, PG has been instrumental in the innovation of common corporate practices, such as employee profit-sharing programs, market research, and brand-management systems. The multinational corporation sells its products (at least 250 household products) through a well-structured systemRead MorePg Japan1454 Words   |  6 PagesAuthor:  Christopher A. Bartlett  Source:    HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING    Description:  Organization 2005, a reorganization that places strategic emphasis on product innovation rather than geographic expansion and shifts power from local subsidiary to global business management. In the context of these changes introduced by Durk Jager, Pamp;G’s new CEO, Paolo de Cesare is transferred to Japan, where he takes over the recently turned-around beauty care business. Within the familiar Max Factor portfolioRead MorePG vs Unilever Executive Summary1442 Words   |  6 PagesUnilever and Pamp;G – Comparative Analysis Executive Summary The Consumer Products Industry is the biggest industry in the world at the moment, with total revenues amounting to about 50% of all goods sold. It is comparable to the GDP of the 4th biggest economy in the world, and entails most of the products we use in our every day lives. There are 3 key factors that drive the industry today: developing markets, the emerging middle-class of developing countries and the millions of baby boomers in

Pest Analysis Finland Tourism Industry Free Essays

Self and Peer Evaluation, by 30 April 2013 In the evaluation you will have to think, evaluate and write about what you and your class mates have learned during the study unit and how you and they have taken part in the lectures and group assignments. This assignment is set to bring new insights to one’s own thinking and to support personal learning. The point in this task is to evoke critical thinking, practice selfreflective skills and connect one’s personal learning to previous experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Pest Analysis Finland Tourism Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Self-reflection helps you in learning new skills for instance in these areas: ? aintaining an attitude that is both open-minded and sceptical; ? objectively gathering, evaluating, and synthesising information; ? forming reasonable judgments, and conclusions; ? developing a tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity; ? exploring and evaluating alternative perspectives In particular, you should pay attention in your reflective evaluation on the following issues: ? Capture the point of the study unit briefly in your own words. Begin the paper with a short summary of the study unit, about its objectives and contents and your personal goals when attending the study unit. What makes it interesting and relevant to tourism business and for my future expertise? ? Identify and present at least 1-3 new things you have learned during the study unit. Weigh their value for your work possibilities and your future studies (e. g. your Thesis). ? Identify and present 1-3 expertise areas in which you want to improve your skills. Evaluate them in the light of your work possibilities and your future studies. ? Comment on the group work, the workshops and the lecture sessions from the perspective of active participation of students, and the role of the teachers. Also, in the case of group work, you can comment on the amount of work and how it was divided within the group. ? You may also want to comment on some challenges you faced in completing the study unit. ? Also, add in a brief feedback of the course (at least one + and one –). This evaluation paper should cover the issues captured above, and it should be at most 1 A4 pages long. It is not so much about the length but the analytical, selfreflective level of the text. Please upload the paper into the folder in Optima by 30 April 2013. Best regards, Paivi Petra How to cite Pest Analysis Finland Tourism Industry, Papers

Transcendentalism and the Poetry of Emily Dickinson free essay sample

The poetry of Emily Dickinson is the embodiment of transcendentalism. It is both pondering and appreciative of human nature and the world in which human nature exists. In her poetry, Dickinson exhibits the questioning spirit characteristic to the spiritual hunger of the era during which she lived and expresses her curiosity concerning many of the cornerstones of the human experience. In one of her poems, Dickinson proclaimed that she â€Å"saw New Englandly. † She possessed a vision shaped by her â€Å"Puritan heritage and Yankee background† and this was evident through the speech and cadence of her poetry (McChesney, 1 of 21). However, her rigid New England tunnel vision is what inspired her ever questioning spirit which she explored through poetry. Constricted by her New England lifestyle in which women maintained the air of domesticity at all costs, Emily Dickinson experienced a vast expansion of insight that she was unable ignore and needed to express. We will write a custom essay sample on Transcendentalism and the Poetry of Emily Dickinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She struggled with her abnormal resistance to domesticity, but such a struggle lead her on a journey in which she investigated the humane concepts of life, love, death, religion, nature, and the universe as a whole (McChesney, 2 of 21). According to Sandra McChesney, â€Å"Emily Dickinson spent her whole life investigating life itself. † Many literary analysts agree that although Dickinson led a sheltered life confined to a single room, she embraced her own vitality and was invigorated by the life that flowed through her veins. In her poem â€Å"To Be Alive – is Power† she blatantly states that being alive alone radiates a certain power and â€Å"existence in itself is omnipotence enough. † Furthermore, Dickinson believed that there was a specific purpose for the occurrence of each human existence according to her poem â€Å"Each Life Converges to Some Centre –†. In this poem, Dickinson â€Å"explores the relationship between the central life goal towards which each human being strives, and the tortuous uncertain process of striving itself† (Leiter, 1 of 3). In the first stanza of the poem, it is established that each human life revolves around a certain goal whether a person chooses to acknowledge it and work towards it or not, it is still there. In her criticism of the poem, Sharon Leiter points out that the use of the words â€Å"some center† provides for an unclear meaning. It causes the reader to wonder whether if each â€Å"centre† is the same or if each person has an individual centre towards which their desires gravitate. This poem encompasses the transcendent spirit and lust for truth because it poses the underlying question if each person’s centre is God or if it is composed of one’s own personal desires (Leiter 1 of 3). In the second stanza of the poem, Dickinson discusses the credibility of the goal being dared too easily and how a person may feel they are unable to attain their central goal. Stanza three characterizes the goal as a â€Å"brittle heaven† that is approached with caution that each person reaches for but is afraid that he may destroy it with his touch. Stanza four proclaims that although a person may be unsure he can obtain his goal, he still strives for it even if it seems so unreachable it sits amongst the clouds. A person believes as he is striving towards the goal, the saints are diligently working to make it happen and assist in the process of achieving it. In the last stanza of the poem, Dickinson suggests the possibility of an afterlife and the opportunity for one to achieve his goal there should he not achieve it during his earthly existence. This assumption can be made from the part of the poem that says â€Å"Ungained, it may be, by a life’s low venture, but then, eternity enables the endeavoring again. † Overall, the poem captures the essence of transcendentalism because it considers the purpose of human existence and questions the extent of human ability. Another cornerstone of transcendentalism that Emily Dickinson explored through her poetry is love. According to Sandra McChesney, â€Å"love represented the entirety of meaning to Dickinson. † It was everything and love was the equivalent of life. It is clear to many people that have read her poetry that Emily Dickinson did not only find love in a significant other, but in everything that surrounded her. Through her poetry, Dickinson explored the wonder and appreciation that most humans feel when they encounter love in any form. In her poem â€Å"That I Did Always Love†, Emily Dickinson explores the way that experiencing love impacted her life. In the first stanza of the poem, she states â€Å"That I did always love, I bring thee proof† meaning she has always known love her entire life in people and the world that surrounded her. The next two lines, â€Å"That till I loved, I did not love enough† expressed that until she loved someone romantically, she was not experiencing love in its full capacity and that loving someone in such a way only enhanced her life. In the next stanza of the poem, Dickinson states that she will always love and love will not cease to exist on her. The line following this, â€Å"I offer thee† may indicate that she was able to envision herself loving one person always. â€Å"Love is life, and life hath immortality† captures Emily Dickinson’s perspective that all of life is composed of love and that since life will always exist on earth, so shall love. In her poem â€Å"Title Divine is Mine†, Dickinson considers the role of intimate love in a woman’s life and is skeptical that such a presence should result in the traditional path of marriage and children. In the first line of the poem, Dickinson boldly states â€Å"Title Divine is Mine. † She is expressing that her own divinity belongs to her and would not let a title of â€Å"wife† mask or mar her individual presence. In the next lines, â€Å"The wife without the sign. Acute degree conferred on me† she is expressing that she is expressing that she still desires to fulfill such a role in a man’s life but without so much emphasis placed on the title and expected duties of being such a figurehead. She would like to be what others would consider a low key lover. In the lines â€Å"Empress of Calvary. Royal all but the crown –† she asserts that she would still bear a significant presence in a man’s life and love him passionately. She would still be the queen of his world, his empress, just without donning the universal symbol of a crown to let others know she belonged to him. The next couple of lines assume that others may see her as lacking because she does not possess the desire that most women do for a traditional wedding ceremony with an exchange of vows and rings and all its other glory. This idea is established in the lines of the poem that read â€Å"Betrothed, without the swoon God gives us women when two hold garnet to garnet, gold to gold. † In the last few lines of the poem, Dickinson expresses that a woman believes she is winning when she achieves the title of â€Å"wife† and treasures the way that the phrase â€Å"my husband† rolls off the tongue. In the last line of the poem, Dickinson simply questions â€Å"is this the way? † In this poem, Dickinson questions the role that romantic love should play in a person’s life and comes to find that her views are different than the traditional New England views she was raised with. Overall, Emily Dickinson’s pondering of the concept of love and the various roles it plays in the human experience captured the essence of transcendentalism: a questioning spirit. â€Å"In those moments of contemplation, alone in her room, Dickinson listed, dissected, analyzed, conjectured, yearned and turned her soul inside out, discovering and defining the infinite shades of meaning of one single word† (McChesney, 7 of 21). Another overlapping concept between transcendentalism and Emily Dickinson’s poetry is the love of nature and its relationship with divinity. While examining Dickinson’s poetry, it would be difficult for one to deny that Dickinson possessed a deep love for nature. This love is often shown with a few simple words but is focused on the details of the subject. In her poem â€Å"Nature is What We See† , Emily Dickinson straightforwardly expresses her belief that â€Å"nature is what we know† because it cradles humanity and makes up entirely what one hears, sees, and experiences with the senses. Dickinson provides the simple examples that one sees a hill, the afternoon, a squirrel, an eclipse, a bumble bee and hears the sea, thunder, and a cricket and shows her appreciation for nature by saying that it is both heaven and harmony. At the end of the poem, Dickinson leaves the reader with the idea that the wisdom that humans work so hard to gain and so proudly boast pales in comparison to the gloriousness that nature possesses in its simplicity. In many of Dickinson’s poems as in â€Å"Nature is What We See†, she makes a connection between an earthly existence and a transcendent existence such as when she stated â€Å"Nature is heaven. † She believed that a certain divinity existed in both nature and humanity and investigated the relationship between divinity and nature and divinity and humanity, and eventually how all three forces were connected in the universe. In her poem â€Å"The Brain is Wider than the Sky†, Dickinson explores the human capacity to contain both nature and divinity even though humanity exists among these things. In the first stanza of the poem, Dickinson states â€Å"The brain is wider than the sky, for, put them side by side, the one the other will include with ease, and you beside. † By this, she means that the capacity and depth of the human brain is boundless, even greater than that of the sky to contain anything. She subtly suggests that when comparing them, the brain would easily include such an earthly thing as the sky inside of it and leave the rest of the earthly human next to it and in awe of it. In the next stanza, Dickinson compares the brain to another feature of the natural world, the sea. She states â€Å"The brain is deeper than the sea, for, hold them, blue to blue, the one the other will absorb, as sponges, buckets do. † With this stanza, Dickinson is yet again comparing the divine and wondrous ability of the brain to a feature of nature that many find wonder within. She suggests that the brain would absorb the sea within it because of the power that the brain possesses as it is responsible for human consciousness and one’s ability to experience things such as the sea or the sky. In the last stanza of the poem, Dickinson states â€Å"The brain is just the weight of God, for, lift them, pound for pound, and they will differ, if they do, as syllable from sound. † With this stanza she is comparing the divinity of the brain to the ultimate divine figure, God, and suggesting that the brain contains God within it. She believes that the brain plays as much of a role in the human existence as God does, but that the brain is more capacious because it is able to create and believe in such a concept as God. Emily Dickinson’s poetry concerning nature exemplifies Sandra McChesney’s point of view that â€Å"Dickinson’s love of nature painted a tremendously complex picture as she tried to find in the natural world a firm understanding of the relationship between people and God and the solutions to questions of shape and continuity of the universe that she could find nowhere in her background† truly solidifying the transcendental spirit into something tangible. Lastly, Emily Dickinson is famous for her poetry that discusses death. To many people, it is the most mysterious of the human experiences that is difficult to understand and accept (McChesney, 9 of 21). Emily Dickinson was no exception to this mannerism, but this did not discourage her from exploring it. In the poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† Dickinson explores what the experience of death would be like. Death is personified as a gentleman that Dickinson feels at ease with but expresses that she was unprepared to encounter as she wasn’t properly dressed to go on a journey with him. After going on a carriage ride with death, Dickinson arrives at her grave and expresses that the long length of time she has been dead feels shorter than a day. In the last two lines of the poem, Dickinson tells the reader that she acknowledged that death was the passage into eternity and an afterlife. This poem encompasses how Dickinson assumes the mysterious process of death would feel and it attempts to answer many of the questions that humans altogether have about death. In her poem â€Å"I Measure Every Grief I Meet†, Dickinson talks about how she studies other people’s pains (presumably losses) and compares them with her own. In the first stanza, she states â€Å"I wonder if it weighs like mine, or has an easier size. † Throughout the next few stanzas she introduces other questions she has while observing other people’s pain such as â€Å"I wonder if they bore it long, or did it just begin? † and â€Å"I wonder if it hurts to live, and if they have to try†. She wonders if time elapsing since the pain began lessens the pain at all or if people go on to feel the pain just as deeply forever. In the last two lines of the poem, Dickinson contemplates if grief that people may feel can become less significant because they have experienced worse pains and felt greater loves. This poem explores how death and resulting grief affects the living instead of the person that has actually died unlike the poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death. † According to Jone Johnson Lewis, â€Å"at the level of the human soul, all people have access to divine inspiration, and seek and love freedom and knowledge and truth. † Through her poetry, Emily Dickinson tapped into her divine inspiration and searched high and low within herself for freedom, knowledge, and truth. Examining wonders of the human experience such as life, love, nature, divinity, and death sent Dickinson on a spiritual journey and revealed â€Å"a mind aching for concrete endings to arduous but ethereal mental journeys† (McChesney, 9 of 21). Dickinson used poetry as a tool to allow the world to accompany her on these challenging journeys and as a place where her questioning spirit could have a voice and ultimately capture and contribute to transcendentalism.

The Occupation Of Japan Essays - Military Personnel, Asia, Japan

The Occupation of Japan The occupation of Japan was, from start to finish, an American operation. General Douglans MacArthur, sole supreme commander of the Allied Power was in charge. The Americans had insufficient men to make a military government of Japan possible; so t hey decided to act through the existing Japanese gobernment. General Mac Arthur became, except in name, dictator of Japan. He imposed his will on Japan. Demilitarization was speedily carried out, demobilization of the former imperial forces was complet ed by early 1946. Japan was extensively fire bomded during the second world war. The stench of sewer gas, rotting garbage, and the acrid smell of ashes and scorched debris pervaded the air. The Japanese people had to live in the damp, and col d of the concrete buildings, because they were the only ones left. Little remained of the vulnerable wooden frame, tile roof dwelling lived in by most Japanese. When the first signs of winter set in, the occupation forces immediately took over all the s team-heated buildings. The Japanese were out in the cold in the first post war winter fuel was very hard to find, a family was considered lucky if they had a small barely glowing charcoal brazier to huddle around. That next summer in random spots new ho uses were built, each house was standardized at 216 square feet, and required 2400 board feet of material in order to be built. A master plan for a modernistic city had been drafted, but it was cast aside because of the lack of time before the next winte r. The thousands of people who lived in railroad stations and public parks needed housing. All the Japanese heard was democracy from the Americans. All they cared about was food. General MacAruther asked the government to send food, when they refus ed he sent another telegram that said, "Send me food, or send me bullets." American troops were forbidden to eat local food, as to keep from cutting from cutting into the sparse local supply. No food was was brought in expressly for the Japanese durning the first six months after the American presence there. Herbert Hoover, serving as chairman of a special presidential advisory committee, recommended minimum imports to Japan of 870,000 tons of food to be distributed in different urban areas. Fi sh, the source of so much of the protein in the Japanese diet, were no longer available in adequate quantities because the fishing fleet, particularly the large vessels, had been badly decimated by the war and because the U.S.S.R. closed off the fishing g rounds in the north. The most important aspect of the democratization policy was the adoption of a new constitution and its supporting legislation. When the Japanese government proved too confused or too reluctant to come up with a constitutional reform that satisfied MacArthur, he had his own staff draft a new constitution in February 1946. This, with only minor changes, was then adopted by the Japanese government in the form of an imperial amendment to the 1889 constitution and went into effect on May 3, 1947. The new Constitution was a perfection of the British parliamentary form of government that the Japanese had been moving toward in the 1920s. Supreme political power was assigned to the Diet. Cabinets were made responsible to the Diet by having the prime minister elected by the lower house. The House of Peers was replaced by an elected House of Councillors. The judicial system was made as independent of executive interference as possible, and a newly created supreme court was given the power to review the constitutionality of laws. Local governments were given greatly increased powers. The Emperor was reduced to being a symbol of the unity of the nation. Japanese began to see him in person. He went to hospitals, schools, mines, industrial plants; he broke ground for public buildings and snipped tape at the opening of gates and highways. He was steered here and there, shown things, and kept muttering, "Ah so, ah so." People started to call him "Ah-so-san." Suddenly the puybli c began to take this shy, ill-at-ease man to their hearts. They saw in him something of their own

Pluralist and Power Elite Approaches

Pluralist and Power Elite Approaches Introduction to Pluralist and Power Elite Approaches Human society is one of the most complicated aspects of the analysis regarding the relations between individuals, groups of individuals, and other entities that can be allocated in terms of resources of influence. Sociology of power emphasises the power relations between different communities and identifies the real influencing aspects that can alter a situation and the governance as well as the process of rule making.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pluralist and Power Elite Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this respect, it is necessary to dwell on the principles of rule making and different approaches to this process as related to the political rule and social power that can be considered the most important factors while assessing the influence of certain resources on the power, governing power, and resulting in the political regime. Different theor ies of power distribution can be analysed with regard to the power of influence and the amount of resources to influence others or situation. Though history saw many examples of both approaches, pluralist and power elite, it is necessary to enlarge on the principles of power distribution in society in different periods of human civilization’s activity with regard to the economic situation and social movements. Moreover, the political power and the power of influence cannot be analysed as a single and the only aspect for the political regime establishment; these two concepts can be even opposed to each other or exist at the same period making one of those principles more important than other. In other words, the distribution of power in society cannot always be analysed in terms of theories of political rule making. Besides, the power to make political decisions does not always arise from the real objective interests and can be characterised by the interests and preferences of the political participants (Lukes 2005: 29). The pluralist approach is largely opposed to the power elite one in terms of ‘the business of rule’ and the process of rule making due to discrepancies in the regime’s strengths and the overall theoretical advantages of a definite approach. In other words, the pluralism approach highlights the equality of influencing powers regardless its real situation whereas the power of elite approach enables the most influential individuals to make rules. So, the main idea of the current paper consists in analysing and assessing the contradictions between the pluralist and power elite approaches taking into account the distribution of power in society and allocation of resources compared to the political power and the process of rule making.Advertising Looking for essay on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories of Political Rule and Social Powe r Theories and the power elite approach.The power elite approach is mostly referred to as the one existing in the era before the French Revolution and is largely opposed to the democracy of the contemporary United States of America (Bull 2002: 8-9). However, it is necessary to note that the concept of state and the problem of rule making are closely connected to the distribution of power because the power exist in a certain society while a society has certain rules and common interests. In this respect, some states can exist regardless of a definite territory or a restriction of rules to a certain territory because the main concept of power distribution happens among individuals and groups that can be situated within the territory (Bull 2002: 9). Nevertheless, though political power is spread over the population, it is often limited to a certain territory and can change regarding the interests of the same nation and preferences existing in various regions of the same state. The main theory of power elite approach in rule making concerns the command as the way to allocate the process of distribution of power in society; however, it is necessary to emphasise the principle when the interests or rules are characterised as good or legal contrasted to the objective principles or unification of preferences that is typical of a power elite approach (Poggi 1978: 2-5). In additions, the existence of visible diversity and other so-called advantages of the pluralist approach can be considered irrelevant because these concepts do not guarantee the appropriateness of political power or genuine equality in the power allocation principles (Lukes 2005: 47). State and society are approached in different ways in by a power elite principle whereas the process of unification is more obvious taking into account the principles typical of the pluralist approach. So, the theory of differentiation is the core of the power elite approach because it enables a single leader to make decisi ons and make laws (often in association with another part of social elite) and there is no necessity to fight for political power as the main concept of influence is the command.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Pluralist and Power Elite Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories and the pluralist approach. The pluralist approach to the rule making process makes the United States of America the most prominent example of this principle in action. Though there is a number of irrefutable evidence of this method’s inappropriateness and secrecy (regardless of the observable openness), its benefits are largely promoted and supported by the global community and international society. Collective behaviour tradition can be considered the core concept for the pluralist approach to the process of rule making (Gamson 1975: 131). This causes the unification of the relations between individuals, groups, and indivi dual-group/group-individual relations in society. As social relations are commonly unified in accordance with the pluralist approach, inequality arises from the democracy as it appears in a contemporary society because interests are unified as well as preferences though the resources of influence can differ greatly which can result in relocation of political power and, hence, the change of the principles of rule making. The main theories of the pluralist approach include the inferiority of the social preferences compared to the preferences and interests of the political power. As a rule, the pluralist approach is aimed at meeting the requirements of the democracy regardless the genuine principles of power allocation and the amount of resources of influence. Thus, collective goals unify the social interests and make common rules serves the reaching of those goals; the political behaviour can be analysed with regard to the goals of a community opposed to personal interests and prefere nces (Gamson 1975: 138). Benefits of the pluralist approach can be neutralized with the differentiating nature of the contemporary policy in the international society opposed to the principles of unification brought about by other communities that popularize the differentiation concepts. As the core aspect of the pluralist approach to the rule making is the unification, this theory can fail to address all existing interests and preferences topical for the current members of a society. Distribution of Power in Society Discussing the contradictions of the pluralist and power elite theories is incomplete with the consideration of the distribution of power in society.Advertising Looking for essay on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In particular, these issues matter when applied to common analysis of presented theories either approving or disapproving the leading role of society in forming the power relations. Another difficulty arises when dealing with the problem of democracy and inequality. In this case, there is the necessity to make an emphasis on the character of the leading power and the triggering principle of power relations. The major controversy appears when considering distribution of power in society in terms of pluralist views. Due to the fact that this approach is based on meeting the needs of democracies, social power is distributed according to the principle of equal impact on the government. The problem is that equal distribution of power among physical entities is not always possible because of irrational resources allocation presented by material object, social status, and ethical considerations (Dahl 1961:3). In response to this problem, the necessity to introduce the elite power approach to social order is inevitable due to the rigid inequality of property, knowledge and social position, and publicity between the members of society (Dahl 1961:6). In order to reconcile the needs of power elite and the constellations of influenced groups, it is necessary to consider power distribution with reference to institutional arrangement and command. These two concepts presented by Poggi (1978:3) seem to be quite reasonable from the perspective of political order and legitimacy. Indeed, favorable distribution of resources on the basis of command is more effective that that based on custom and exchange. This is explained by the ideas that the body of custom end exchange cannot sustain the exploration and mobilization of new resources and values. In addition, it does not allow society to prevent various contingencies enabling the members to choose the most appropriate patterns to act (Poggi 1978:4). Arising from everything mentioned above, the main principle of power allocation s hould be based on unanimous legitimate arrangement on the two-polar power system. Therefore, society should be directed by one or a specific set of goals that would encompass social and political order. Alternatively, the disposition of views and approaches, which is typical of pluralistic order, will lead to appearance of different values and beliefs (Bull 2002:4). Bull’s approach to the distribution of power is predominantly based on monopolistic views that exclude the pluralist techniques for the decision-making process. Therefore, the introduction of democratic approaches will strike the balance within the domain of social and political dimensions (Emerson 1962:32). Comparative Assessment of the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Pluralism and Elite Power Approaches Highlighting the strengths of the pluralist and elite power approaches. Each of the approaches under consideration has some strong sides due to their great contributions to the arrangement of social and political order. Considering the pluralist theory, the positive side of pluralist approach implementation consists in its focus on social relation as the leading factor of power formation. In particular, the main underpinning of social power is not the leading actor, but the relation itself (Emerson, 1962: 33). The leaders possess power only when they have a specific group to impose power on. In addition to this, the pluralist approach is more effective as far as a decision-making process is concerned. Lukes (2005:17), thus, places an emphasis on the social behavior as the triggering factor of social relations and as an indicator of power. Consistent and successful process of decision making generates a healthy competition that, in its turn, positively contributes to social, economical, and political development of a state. In contrast, the main merit of the elite power approach in the process of rule making is also valuable. According to this theory, the social relations are governed by one purpose where all decisions are made with regard to this purpose. The success of such monopolistic approach is possible in case the state is headed by the leader who has sufficient resources and who is able to allocate them within society in a reasonable way. The governing of one leader fosters the accomplishment of the established goals and decreases the possibility of disagreement within society (Bull 2002: 9). More importantly, the elite power theory contributes to the formation of social and political integrity. Considering the elite theory of power through the prism of social order, this approach is more efficient in arranging rules and orders within a state, particularly if the flow of social activities is based on the principle of command (Poggi, 1978:5). Indeed, the exploration and advancement will be considerably facilitated under the auspices of a monopolistic power. Highlighting the weaknesses of the pluralist and elite power approaches. Although the pluralist approach t o the process of rule-making is more productive for meeting the needs of society, it encounters the difficulties when dealing with the equal allocation of sources (Dahl 1961:5). In particular, excessive democracy dictating equal participation in governing can lead to greater discrepancies between communities. Discussing pluralism from the point of view of order formation, this method of rule making is irrelevant, because the social order cannot be based on the divergent positions. What is more important is mixed views cannot satisfy legal, moral, and economic aspect of decision making as the essence of political decision consist in the necessity to promote specific goals. The problem of decision making arises when dealing with elite power approach to the process of rule making. By promoting the leaders’ rules and preferences, the government deprives society of political significance and minimizing its role in providing viable solutions. In other words, the suppression of poli tical role decreases the importance of social relations (Emerson: 1962: 32). As a result, the government can lose the object of power and, therefore, it cannot be considered to owner of the power itself. In addition, the concentration of power can even lead to great inequality of resources distribution. Conclusion The pluralist and elite power approaches constitute opposite sides of a two-polar system with regard to the process of rule making. This is primarily predetermined by opposite focus on the political systems and conceptual priorities of both approaches. Hence, the pluralist approach is more concerned with influencing powers and social relations whereas the power of elite approach argues the necessity to establish a unanimous goal to pursue. On the one hand, a pluralistic approach considers social relations as the underpinning of governing and resources allocation. It also strives to establish the equality in the process of decision-making. On the other hand, elite power con cept is more effective in reaching the policy of unification where the international order is subjected to the prevailing superiority-inferiority relations. Taking into consideration all strengths and weaknesses, both approaches simultaneously provide viable solutions and serious controversies when applied to the distribution of power in society. Bull, Hedley. The Concept of Order in World Politics. The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics. UK: Palgrave, 2002, Print. Dahl, Robert A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Emerson, Richard M. â€Å"Power-Dependence Relations†. American Sociological Review. 27.1. (1962): 31-41. Print. Gamson, William A. â€Å"the limits of Pluralism.† The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood: The Dorsey Press, 1975. Print. Lukes, Steven. Power: a Radical View. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. Poggi, Gianfranco. Introduction: The Business of Rule. The De velopment of the Modern State. California: Stanford University Press, 1978, Print.

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay Example for Free

Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology Essay ? I had always been enamored with science; accordingly I did my major in Chemistry and Archaeology from the University of Virginia. In this process I attended two archeological digs. One of these was of six weeks duration at a Native American Site that dated back to the seventeenth century. The other one was conducted at a Historical Site that pertained to the nineteenth century, during one of the semesters in college. During the course of my studies in archeology, I performed an isotopic analysis on hair samples obtained from ancient Egyptian mummies, in order to discover the diet that they used to consume. Subsequent, to graduating with a degree in chemistry and archaeology, I discontinued my studies in order to take stock of my life and also to foray into the field of penmanship by writing a novel. Afterwards, I examined the various graduate programs that I could join in order to continue my education. My interest in science actuated me to pursue a program in patent law in the law school. I did extremely well at law school, but I was not enamored by the study of law or what I saw of legal practice. In my opinion it seemed to be a profession that was motivated solely by personal gain and avarice and was least concerned with the advancement of society.   After the successful completion of the first year of this program, my professors and lawyers persuaded me to continue with it as it would become more interesting.   This assurance caused me to persevere with legal studies. Nevertheless, the excitement generated by the acquisition of knowledge was never experienced by me. In addition, I never felt curious about discovering something new in this field of study. This was a novel experience, because I had been elated and thrilled by the process of acquiring knowledge as an undergraduate science student.   However, the time expended in acquiring a law degree was not an utter waste of time and effort. I became adept at analyzing and arguing in a legal manner. Furthermore, I acquired knowledge regarding the historical foundation of our legal system, and I grasped the nuances of patent law.   Thus, I decided to court my original and true love, which is science. Accordingly, I scouted around and subjected the various graduate programs for which I was eligible. My search, which was quite elaborate, disclosed that physical anthropology was ideally suited to my needs. Anthropology is derived from the Greek anthropos or human and logia or study. In other words anthropology constitutes the stud of humankind right from the time that man first appeared on this planet. Each and every aspect of humans is studied in this field of study and the focus is on a holistic approach to mankind. This is a fascinating study and it has four branches, namely cultural, linguistic, archaeological and biological anthropology. My predilection is towards biological or physical anthropology, which studies the biological origins, evolutionary development and genetic diversity of humans. An attempt is also made in this branch of study to comprehend human nature, the brain’s evolution and the nervous system (What is Anthropology? , 2006). My life’s ambition is to successfully complete the master program in physical anthropology and subsequently, obtain a PhD in this field of study. I am extremely interested in primatology or the study of primates, palaeoanthropology or the study of fossil hominids and genetics. At present I am involved with genetic research on mollusks at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. What is Anthropology? . (2006). Retrieved November 8, 2007, from American Anthropological Association: http://www.aaanet.org/anthbroc.htm Admission to the Master’s Program in Physical Anthropology. (2017, Feb 26).

Mindfulness practice in my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mindfulness practice in my life - Essay Example We must have patience in order to achieve our aspirations. We must have the mentality that everything is possible but this can only be done by someone who has patience. Some people cannot wait for tomorrow and this is very dangerous since it often leads to failure to achieve the desired goals in life. I have chosen this focus because it is not stressful. If you do your things at your own pace, you are rest assured that you will achieve the desired goals one of the days. This gives you peace of mind such that you carefully plan your things in advance. You are also in a position to decide on the exact path to take in pursuit of your goals. You will be under no pressure to such an extent that you may attempt to fast track certain events that simply require taking their due course in order to accomplish them. If you are patient in what you are doing, you are likely to review progress of the course of action you are taking. This can help you review the action being taken and make necessary changes that can help you to achieve your goals. One good thing about having patience in life is that you will have peace of mind. You do not have any stress that can negatively impact on your normal life. People who are stressed often experience numerous health problems and some can cause severe illness. People who have stress often experience problems such as loss of concentration in what they are doing. Some of them often suffer from depression and anxiety after realising that their wishes are aspirations are taking ages to be fruitful. I have learned that the subject of mindfulness is quite complex but it is very enlightening since it is comprised of real life events. What I liked most about this subject is that we tend to take some things in our lives for granted but upon a closer look, they are not that simple. This we often view as simple and walk over can be complex and challenging such that you may end up failing to get a solution for such